What are homopolymer runs?

Homopolymeric nucleotide runs, also called mononucleotide microsatellites, are a ubiquitous, dominant, and mutagenic feature of eukaryotic genomes. A clear understanding of the forces that shape patterns of homopolymer evolution, however, is lacking.

What is Genapsys sequencing?

The Genapsys™ Sequencer employs a novel electrical detection method that is capable of generating highly accurate DNA sequence information. Individual nucleotides are flowed across the chip in succession and successful incorporation is detected by changes in impedance as the complementary DNA strand grows.

What is GC bias in sequencing?

GC content bias describes the dependence between fragment count (read coverage) and GC content found in Illumina sequencing data. It is the GC content of the full DNA fragment, not only the sequenced read, that most influences fragment count.

What are homopolymer regions?

The most common source of sequencing errors across platforms is the determination of nucleotides in so-called homopolymeric regions. These are regions that include stretches of the same nucleotide (e.g. AAAAA or TTTTTTTT).

What is homopolymer length?

Homopolymers are consecutive repetitions of a letter in a string. For example, the string CATAAAG has a homopolymer of length 3, composed to the letter A.

What company is king of genetic sequencing?

Illumina
1. Illumina. Since its founding in 1998, Illumina has become an industry leader, with more than 90% of the global sequencing market and an installed base of more than 17,000 sequencing systems.

Who is the king of genetic sequencing?

Illumina is improving human health by unlocking the power of the genome. Our focus on innovation has established us as the global leader in DNA sequencing and array-based technologies, serving customers in the research, clinical, and applied markets.

What does Bionano genomics do?

Bionano Genomics, Inc. provides a platform to analyze the long segments of genomic DNA and other biomolecules structural variations. The Company offers proprietary nanochannel chips, automated imaging instrument, integrated primary and secondary software, and application specific reagents.

Why is high GC bad?

A high GC content will probably make your template much harder to amplify, but don’t despair, you can address this. To improve amplification, you may increase the annealing temperature, and/or add DMSO or add another secondary structure destabilizer to ensure that your GC rich template will be amplified.

What is good GC content?

Aim for the GC content to be between 40 and 60% with the 3′ of a primer ending in G or C to promote binding. This is known as a GC Clamp. A good length for PCR primers is generally around 18-30 bases. Specificity usually is dependent on length and annealing temperature.

What is a homopolymer?

A homopolymer is a polymer made from many copies of a single repeating unit. For example, a number of glycolic acid molecules can be conjugated as shown in Figure 17.12 to create the homopolymer poly (glycolic acid). Lactic acid can also be used to make a homopolymer—in this case, poly (lactic acid) ( Figure 17.13 ).

How do you make homopolymers from Amido?

Homopolymers and copolymers from amido sulfonic acid or salt containing monomers can be prepared by reactive extrusion, preferably in a twin screw extruder [119 ]. The process produces a solid polymer. Copolymers of AAm, N -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and NaAMPS have been proposed to be active as fluid loss agents.

How many errors are there in the identification of homopolymers?

That is to identify the length of one homopolymer according to its nearest distance to the mean values of different prior signal distributions. In such way, the number of identification errors is 169,212, or 11.82 % of the whole 1, 430,986 homopolymers.

Where does the ground truth for the homopolymer come from?

The ground truth for the homopolymer is derived from the Illumina dataset, which do not have apparent homopolymer issues. In Fig. 2, the horizontal axis is of voltage level and the vertical axis is of probability density for all the homopolymers of a fixed size.